Nowadays cities benefit from two geographical (natural, social, and economical environments) and artificial (man-made environment, and architecture) symbols. Mankind has always been trying to change these two symbols for the sake of his daily activities or earning his life and establishing a dwelling both as an interest and as a shelter. During this process Green areas, jungles, and gardens have been changed into skyscrapers and buildings. Bricks, cement, and metallic plates have replaced for attractive views of nature. Today’s citizens have a sad feeling while they see that they have fallen far from the beauties and quietness of nature.To solve this problem, industrialists have developed the Green roof technology. Urban planners and architects use it as a ‘back to nature’ process. Green roof is a method to convert the rough, dry, and cold parts of the city into Green spots. Besides Green roofs can create micro-climatic zones which reduce pollution and improve the living conditions of the citizens.This process is highly advantageous for cities like Tehran which is located in a 730 sq. km. of land delimited by mountains and deserts.67.9 percent of the city is occupied by buildings and about thirteen million people live in this city. Green roofs are good means for reducing these problems of Tehran.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The current study investigates Green transactional leadership for the first time in order to understand leader-follower relations in studying Green behavior in higher education institutions. The aim of this study is to investigate the dynamic relationship between Green transformational leadership, Green transactional leadership and Green creativity that are mediated by Green intrinsic motivation. METHODS: This study used adapted constructs from previous environmental research as well as a newly-developed Green transactional leadership construct. Responses were obtained from university students working on their final-year projects. In order to evaluate the model, partial least squares structural equation modeling using Measurement model assessment was used to validate the structural and measurement model. FINDINGS: Findings indicate that Green intrinsic motivation significantly influences the relationship between Green transformational leadership and Green creativity (Beta=0. 321,t=3. 129), as well as Green transactional leadership and Green creativity (Beta=0. 114,t=2. 322). However, Green transformational leadership is a stronger predictor in comparison to Green transactional leadership in nurturing Green creativity among students to provide viable solutions to existing products/processes. The R2 or contribution given by Green transformational leadership and Green transactional leadership on Green creativity was 45. 7 percent while the contribution of Green transformational leadership, Green transactional leadership and Green creativity on Green intrinsic motivation was 57. 7 percent. CONCLUSION: Policy makers must focus their attention on promoting Green transactional and transformational leadership that will directly enhance students’,motivation to promote the Green creativity through innovative product/service model innovation.

The present study aimed to design a Green leadership model for organizations in the digital age. This research was conducted within an interpretive paradigm and employed a qualitative approach, using the thematic analysis strategy to analyze the collected data. The statistical population consisted of experts from the National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 15 experts who were selected purposively. The inter-rater agreement was calculated using Cohen’s Kappa coefficient, which was 0. 75. Based on the findings, three overarching themes and seven subthemes were identified. The overarching themes included value-driven Green leadership (organizational Green vision, ethics-oriented leadership style),digital Green leadership (environmental digital literacy, Green transformational leadership, Green technological creativity),and Green synergy (digital social responsibility, cross-sectoral environmental collaboration). The findings indicate that digital Green leadership, as an integrative approach, plays a crucial role in addressing environmental and technological challenges faced by contemporary organizations. Leaders with technological insight and environmental commitment can leverage emerging technologies and reinforce ethical and cultural values to foster sustainable transformation, enhance organizational agility, and institutionalize a culture of responsibility in the workplace.

Introduction: Ethical leadership is leadership focused on appropriate behavior through respect for ethics and values, as well as the rights and dignity of others. Ethical leadership can add value to businesses by motivating employees and fulfilling company values. Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the relationship between ethical leadership and cooperative social responsibility and the moral climate of the organization. Material & Methods: The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and correlational in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of this research included all employees of Management and Science University (MSU) in Malaysia. Among them, 200 people were selected as the research sample using a simple random sampling method. A standard questionnaire was used to collect data. The data was analyzed by structural equation modeling method. Results: The results of statistical analysis showed that ethical leadership has a direct and positive effect on cooperative social responsibility and ethical climate. Also, moral climate has a direct and positive effect on cooperative social responsibility. At the same time, ethical leadership has an indirect and positive effect on cooperative social responsibility through the mediation of ethical climate. Conclusion: Ethical leadership can affect their social responsibility by inspiring employees to motivate and align with the company's values. The results of this research showed that ethical leadership leads to greater employee satisfaction and collaborative responsibility and leads to the formation of an ethical atmosphere in the organization

A B S T R A C T Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “Green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “Green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the Green city. In this study, 14 indicators of electricity consumption per capita, Green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of Green city indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of Green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the Green city Extended Abstract Introduction Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. A “Green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “Green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green cities constantly try to manage their environmental effects by reducing waste, increasing recycling, reducing air pollution, increasing population density, developing open urban spaces, and encouraging the development of sustainable local businesses. Green cities were first used to evaluate 30 European cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in 2009 with the financial support of Siemens and the aim of reducing the environmental effects of human activities in cities. In that study, eight indices of carbon dioxide, energy, construction, transportation, water, recycling and land use, air quality, and environmental governance were used. Later, the Economist Intelligence Unit, with the financial support of Siemens, evaluated the status of the Green city index in 17 Latin American cities, 15 African cities, 22 major Asian cities, and 27 cities in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In recent years, even some Western Islamic scholars have, in various publications, shown that Islam is an ecological religion. In Iran, the issue of protecting the environment has not received much attention regardless of its rich cultural and religious background and its confirmation in Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mashhad is the second metropolis of Iran, located in North-East of Iran, and is one of the counties of Khorasan Razavi Province. According to the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Census, its population was 3057679 people (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality). In Mashhad, due to several reasons including the presence of Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH) and arrival of millions of pilgrims per year, population growth, increased garbage production (production of 896534 tons of garbage in 2016 (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality), air pollution (increased number of unhealthy days from 46 days per year in 2015 to 88 days in 2016 for sensitive groups and 4 days of unhealthy air for all groups in 2016 (Center for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants of Mashhad Municipality) the 2025 vision of the city has paid attention to the environment in the form of five general objectives; however, just like the national level, no specific pattern for environmentally-compatible urban development, such as Green city, is determined. Analysis of the Green city index in Mashhad metropolis can considerably contribute to urban managers and planners in addition to providing a pattern for evaluating the present situation in other cities of Iran and improving the quality of life regardless of the current status of the urban environment in Iranian cities; we can preserve these environments as parts of the natural environment for future generations.   Methodology In terms of its goal, the present study is an applied one; in the study, drawing upon other studies and library sources and considering the conditions of Iran and the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of Green city, 14 quantitative indices were exerted. To this end, the required data for the quantitative indices was gathered by library research from the relevant institutions. Next, the weights of quantitative indices were determined using Shannon's entropy. Then, using the VIKOR method of multi-criteria decision-making, the status of various districts of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of quantitative indices of Green city was determined. Finally, the map of the spatial distribution of quantitative indices was drawn using the ARC GIS software package.   Results and discussion In this study, to analyze the status of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of Green city features, 14 quantitative indices were used. Considering the value of the VIKOR index ranges from 0 to 1, various districts of Mashhad can be classified into five categories; very satisfactory, satisfactory, average, unsatisfactory, and very unsatisfactory in terms of quantitative indices of Green city. The results of the current situation of Mashhad showed that in terms of objective indicators of the Green city, District 9 of Mashhad metropolis with a value of VIKOR index of 0.056 is in first place, and the seventh region with a value of VIKOR index of 0.433 is in second place. Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the Green city.   Conclusion Similarly, the results of studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) on Tehran metropolis are indicative of the unsatisfactory situation of Tehran (the biggest metropolis of Iran) in terms of Green city features. Comparing the results of the studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) with the present study on Mashhad (the second biggest metropolis of Iran) reveals the necessity for a comprehensive plan toward achieving Green cities. It should be mentioned that, due to the specific conditions of Mashhad metropolis and availability or unavailability of the required data, the indices used in the present study are somewhat different from the ones used by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017).   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

Global climate change is a serious environmental problem that has turned out to be the most dangerous to human health and natural systems. This should be important to all people such that they must share their experiences and researches on more sustainable ways of preventing damages to the natural environment and resources. Organizations are an important part of society and able to play a vital role in regard to environmental sustainability. They have to educate their employees and encourage them to be environment-friendly. To deal with growing threats of climate change, it is thus imperative to stimulate employees to exert Green behaviors in place of work. Green behaviors represent such activities as in line with saving energy and water resources, avoiding waste production, and garbage recycling. Among leadership styles in the literature, Green transformational leadership has received little attention while it seems to have the most impact on the incidence of such behaviors. Employees' environmental attitude is potent to facilitate the effect of Green transformational leadership on Green behavior. Accordingly, the present study is aimed to examine the effect of Green transformational leadership on employees' Green behaviors considering the mediating role of environmental attitude.

Context and Purpose: The present study aimed to determine the effect of inclusive Green leadership on employees' Green work engagement with the mediating role of Green intrinsic motivation. Design/methodology/approach: The current research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of correlational data collection. The statistical population of the present study was made up of all the employees of four-star hotels in Isfahan, numbering 440 people, from whom 205 people were selected as a sample through the stratified random sampling method through Morgan's table. The research tool was the standard Green inclusive leadership questionnaire of Bhutto et al. (2021), the standard internal motivation questionnaire of Sabz Lee et al. (2020), and the standard questionnaire of Sabz Aboramdan (2022). After the necessary terms were met, validity was confirmed, and the reliability of the questionnaires was estimated at 0.80, 0.82, and 0.85 with Cronbach's alpha method. Data analysis was done at the inferential level, including structural equation modeling. Findings: The findings showed that inclusive Green leadership positively affects Green work participation, the coefficient of which was 0.55, and Green intrinsic motivation played a role as a mediating variable in the relationship between inclusive Green leadership and Green work participation. Originality/value: The current research provides a comprehensive overview of inclusive Green leadership, employee internal motivation, and work participation in the tourism and hotel industry of Isfahan City.

Background and Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functions of salutogenic leadership style in oil companies with a focus on Green energy acceptance. Material and Methodology: In this research, which is considered as a methodology of development and composition, an attempt was made to identify the components of salutogenic leadership function by relying on meta-synthesis and Delphi analysis processes in the qualitative part of the research. This research is considered a methodology of development and composition. An attempt was made to identify the components of salutogenic leadership function by relying on meta-combination and Delphi analysis processes in the qualitative part of the research. Then, in a Quantitative part, interpretive ranking analysis can be used to identify the most effective function of salutogenic leadership to evaluate Green energy acceptance. The statistical population in the qualitative section was 18 specialists and experts in the field of management at the university level, and in the quantitative section, the participation of 24 managers of companies operating in oil companies who had both knowledge and experience were experienced. The basis for sample selection was the use of the homogeneous method. Findings: The results showed that of based on the pair scale among the research components, the percentage of strategic follower's component has a more effective role in Green energy acceptance than other components of the salutogenic leadership function. Discussion and Conclusion: This acceptance means that to streamline the acceptance of Green energy based on the approach of salutogenic leadership function at the level of oil companies, the role of normalizing values in line with leadership approaches can be very effective. In other words, strategic followers understand the performance of leadership and try to move in the direction of strategic development in terms of Green energy development.

The main goal of the current research was to determine the relationship between Green human resource management and Green behaviors of employees with the mediating role of environmental awareness and the moderating role of servant leadership. In terms of the nature of the research, this research is in the category of descriptive-correlational research and in terms of the purpose of the research, it is in the category of applied research. The statistical population of the present study is all the employees of the municipality of Tehran province, the number of which is 420. Random sampling method is available; the number of statistical sample was calculated using Cochran's formula to be 201 people. In order to collect information, the questionnaire of Sabz Zaid et al.'s human resource management (2018), Sarmad et al.'s environmental awareness (2013), Shah's employees' Green behavior (2023), and servant leadership by Peterson (2003) and Hazrati (2018) were used. Also, in order to analyze the data, structural equation modeling method was used with Lisrel v8.8 software. The results of the path coefficient showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between Green human resource management and task-related behaviors and environmentalist performance-related behaviors. Also, environmental awareness does not mediate the effect of Green human resource management on the behaviors related to the duty of environmentalists, but it mediates the behaviors related to the performance of environmentalists. According to the results of servant leadership, it does not moderate the effect of Green human resource management on task-related behaviors and performance of environmentalists. But the results showed that servant leadership moderates the effect of Green human resource management on environmental awareness. According to the results, it is suggested that policymakers introduce laws and regulations to support and encourage Green projects, including impact evaluation and waste management systems in municipalities.